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In linguistics, andative and venitive (abbreviated and ) are a type of verbal deixis, verb forms which indicate 'going' or 'coming' motion in reference to a particular location or person, respectively. Other terms sometimes seen are itive and ventive, or translocative and cislocative. They generally derive historically from the verbs ''go'' and ''come'' being reduced to auxiliary verbs or verbal affixes, and may in turn be grammaticalized to aspectual morphemes. Many languages of California, West Africa (such as Akan), the Caucasus-Mideast-North Africa (Akkadian, Sumerian), and Oceania have such verb forms. A language with andative and venitive forms may also use them with a verb ''to carry,'' for example, to create the meanings of "bring" (venitive) and "take (away)" (andative). ==Polynesian== Proto-Polynesian is reconstructed as having four directional particles used for verbs, venitive '' *mai'', andative '' *atu'', upwards (uphill, inland) '' *hake'', and downwards (downhill, seawards) '' *hifo''. In the Tokelauan language, the Polynesian venitive and andative particles ' and ' have evidential uses, and are used in aspectual constructions, ' for continuative aspect ("going on") and ' for inchoative aspect ("coming to be"). The Vanuatu language Lenakel has not only a venitive suffix, but also a suffix that indicates that the action is directed towards the person addressed, as well as a neutral suffix that indicates that the action is directed neither towards the speaker nor towards the person addressed. : : "The chief rose and spoke to both of us." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andative and venitive」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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